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Following the much sought after conquest of the island of Minorca, by Alfonso III in the year 1288, a small number of very prominent military men were bestowed with the dignified rank of knight by the King, as a sort of reward for their agreeing to settle in the fortress of Saint Agatha, together with keeping horse and armour, and defending the island whenever called upon to do so.

The King entrusted these men with this assignment as a result of the military prowess which they all displayed during the battles and skirmishes which culminated on the conquest of the Island by the King as his consorts. There is some debate among scholars in this field as to whether this was indeed an Order of Chivalry, or whether it should be better categorized as a military-type confraternity, given its purely military origins and purpose, but nonetheless, the Order was founded by the Royal decree of King Alfonso II, on the 23rd of January, 1289. According to the tradition so aptly documented by the 7th Duke of Carcaci (whose full name was Francesco Patern? Castello e Sammartino) in his book “L’Ordine del Collare”, this collection of knights became known throughout the kingdom, and in other kingdoms as well, as “the knights from St. Agatha”.

The Protectress and Patron Saint of the Order was, and remains so today, Saint Agatha, Virgin and Martyr, whose feast day on the 5th of February is celebrated together with that of the Order itself. Saint Agatha’s heroic exploits in defence of Christian principles, more than qualify her as an appropriate choice for the Protectress of a Knightly Order. The mantle of the Order, which nowadays is worn only inside of a church, consists of a plain White tunic, with a sanguine-red collar and, on the left breast, a representation of the Aragonese Cross (which is worn in full colours by Knights, but in a completely golden version by the Dames of the order). The tunic is closed using a golden chain, affixed at each end to the golden head of a lion. The usual ranks or categories of membership (which include Justice, Grace, and Profession) are distinguished from each other by the addition of a golden stripe on the collar of the tunic.

The so-called Bars of Aragon, Royal arms of Aragon, Four Bars, Red Bars, Pales of the House of Barcelona or Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon, which consists of four red pallets on a background of gold, depicts the familiar coat of the Counts of Barcelona and the Kings of Aragon. It differs from the flag in that the latter makes use of fesses. It is one of the oldest known European coats of arms, and it dates back to at least the year 1150, and the Royal seal of Raymond Berengar IV of Barcelona. It is also the main element of the coats of arms of the present-day Spanish Autonomous Communities of Catalonia, the Valencian Community and the Balearic Islands.

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James I, also known as “James the Conqueror” lived between February 2nd 1208 and July 27th 1276. He was the King of Aragon, the Count of Barcelona, and the Lord of Montpellier between the years 1213 and 1276, the year of his death. His long reign coincided with the expansion of the kingdom of Aragon southward as well as into and across the Mediterranean Sea, as far as Naples. His kingdom also expanded to include Valencia to the south and the Balearic Islands, Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples to the east. Through a treaty with the French king Louis IX, he also added Barcelona into the domain of his crown. He played a similar role in the reconquest as his contemporary, King Ferdinand III of Castile.

His successor king Alfonso III founded The Military Order of the Collar of Saint Agatha in 1289 with the aim of defending the island of Minorca. Across the centuries his descendents have been charged with keeping it alive. The Militare Ordine del Collare, as it is called in Italian, today is what is called a “Dynastic Order”, which is to say that its office of Grand Master remains attached to the sovereign prince who initially founded the Order, and said office is inherited by the successors of the Grand Master. In addition to any charitable or spiritual aims, members of such Orders are bound by an oath of loyalty to the Grand Master of the Order. Although in the present day, the organization has lost its military character, its members now dedicate themselves chiefly to the carrying out of charitable events or through its Hospital System, which has served across the years to provide the underserved with much needed medical care which they would otherwise be unable to afford.

For many years, the Military Order of the Collar remained almost a Family Order, its membership largely restricted only to relatives and close associates. In recent times, the legitimacy of the Order of the Collar of Saint Agatha has been recognised by the United Court of Bari (in English),as well as by the English Court of Appeals in Pistoia and by the International Court of Arbitration located in Ragusa. The MOC was reconstituted in 1961, when a number of new Statutes were issued and revised on several occasions. Since his accession to the office of Grand Master, HRH Don Francesco, has greatly emphasized works of charity, which he regards as the primary purpose of the Royal House. Over the years, members of the Order of the Collar of Saint Agatha have raised considerable sums of Money for the purpose of charity, and have also performed countless charitable acts aimed at relief of suffering on a world wide scale, activities which are in keeping with the highest aims of the Order.

Members of the Military Order of the Collar (M.O.C.) officially meet at least twice a year; one of those meetings is held in Sicily, while the other meeting is held in a different city, with a different city being chosen every year. In 2007, that other city happened to be Palma.

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The term chivalry is the general term used to describe the system of knights which flourished during the of the middle ages, but the term means much more than simply referring to those gentlemen who fought on horseback and adhered to a set of values dictating that they should honour and serve ladies and maidens. Orders of Chivalry first developed during that period in conjunction with the military undertakings commonly occurring in Western Europe against any one of the several non-Christian states of the time. Similar to the ubiquitous monastic orders of that era, the original orders of chivalry also sought to have their members sanctified by the church by means of fighting against such non-Christians, or “infidels”, and by offering protection to religious pilgrims. Members of these orders all had to take a set of vows and adhere to an established system which regulated their activities.

The Militare Ordine del Collare di Sant’Agata dei Patern?, which is also known as the Military Order of the Collar (M.O.C.), is recognized by the Italian Courts and many experts as being a legitimate Order of chivalry of the Cross, and as such, is not subject to the traditional international law, belonging to the Head of Name and Arms of the Royal House of Aragon of the dynasty of Patern? Castello e Guttadauro Ayerbe Aragona of the Dukes of Carcaci and of the Princes of Emmanuel under its Grand Master H.R.H. Don Francesco, Duke of Perpignan. The Order was founded in 1289 by King Alfonso III as a chivalric association and restored as a dynastic order of knighthood in 1855. It is a non-national Order as defined by the Law of the 3rd March 1951 of the Republic of Italy. The Protectress and Patron of the Order is Saint Agatha, Virgin and Martyr, whose Feast is celebrated as that of the Order on 5th February. Saint Agatha’s heroic defence of Christian principle makes her a very appropriate Protectress for an Order of Knights. The principal aim of the Order as restored is to propagate in the modern world the tradition of chivalry as a way of life. It practices good works principally through its Hospitaller Service.

Chivalry is the generic term for the knightly system of the Middle Ages and for virtues and qualities it inspired in its followers. The word evolved from terms such as chevalier (French), caballero (Spanish), and cavaliere (Italian), all meaning a warrior who fought on horseback. The term came to mean so much more during medieval times.

Chivalric orders first appeared with military activities against non-Christian states. During the Middle Ages, Western Europe aggressively sought to expand its area of control. The first orders of chivalry were very similar to the monastic orders of the era. Both sought the sanctification of their members through combat against “infidels” and protection of religious pilgrims, and both had commitments that involved the taking of vows and submitting to a regulation of activities.

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Now that we live in the computer age, there is an opportunity for better Internet connections than ever thought imaginable. Gone are the days of tying up phones lines and waiting endlessly for pages to load with slow dial up connections. With options including cable, DSL and wireless Internet, cyberspace is much more approachable and extremely fast. Wireless Internet service providers such as Clearwire offer the best Web services at this time, because not only is the Internet connection faster than dial-up, but it can be accessed practically anywhere. This Clearwire Blog is intended to discuss the next step in wireless innovation.

If you are still relying on a dial up connection, you are truly living in the past. A good wireless Internet service provider, or ISP, is essential for individuals, families and businesses in this day and age. ISPs such as Clearwire offer managed hosting services for business customers that have their own web sites to worry about. They also offer email and voice mail services for individual customers, with easy-to-use wireless modems that provide instant access to the Web at very high speeds.

Having a reliable Internet service provider like Clearwire (reliability is addressed in this Clearwire News article) is especially important for business customers, because in order for their business to grow they must have a support system that can handle their burgeoning customer base and increased visits to their web site. If they do not have the capability to handle the download requirements for your hosted web site, customers may find themselves facing a “page not found” or “server not found” message. This can cause people to move on to another site and never look back.

Reliable wireless access is important for students as well. Now that we have evolved out of dial- up, students expect the fastest download and upload speeds to complete their research and all the work for various papers and projects.

At the end of the day, anyone who uses the Internet frequently can benefit from a good wireless service, from soccer moms to graduate students to small business owners to international businesspeople.

The Militare Ordine di Collare di Sant’Agata dei Paternò was founded by King Alfonso III of Aragon on the 23rd January 1289 as a knightly association with the purpose of defending Minorca. The member knights were obliged to live in the Fortress of Saint Agatha, and so became known as “the knights from Saint Agatha”. They were each allocated a plot of land sufficient to maintain them in arms with a horse (“cavalleria”). The cavallerias were still active in the year 1600 and some even survived into the 19th century. When the 7th Duke of Carcaci travelled to the Balearics in the mid 18th century the remaining descendants told him of this ancient chivalric institution known as “the knights from Saint Agatha”.

The Royal House to which Alfonso III belonged was founded by King James I of Aragon, “James the Conqueror”. They reigned over Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands and Sicily until 1410 when King Martin I died without children and the dynasty lost power due to a coup d’?tat known as the “compromise” of Caspe in 1413. The headship of the Royal House continued through the House of Ayerbe and the Princes of Cassano until 1834, when the last Prince of Cassano died in Italy without children. The then reigning Bourbon King of The Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II, called upon the various and complex branches of the dynasty to summon a family conclave to decide who was now to be the head of the family. The decision of the conclave was that HRH don Mario was to succeed to the headship of the family and as Grand Master of the chivalric patrimony. In 1855 the Order of the Collar of Saint Agatha was re-established as a dynastic Order (family Order) on the foundation of the knights of Saint Agatha founded by King Alfonso III.

The legitimacy of the Order of the Collar of Saint Agatha was recognised early as 18th May 1851 by the Bourbon King of the Two Sicilies, whose officials were required to record its conferrals in the Registry Office of the Kingdom. On 30th March 1853 the Governor of the Province of Catania, in the name of the King, allowed only three exceptions to the Royal prohibition on the wearing of orders other than Royal Sicilian Orders, these being Papal Orders, the Order of Malta and the Military Order of the Collar. In 1859 the Royal Commission on Titles of Nobility examined the claims of the House of Paternò to confer titles and bestow Orders and it advised the King that such acts, titles and Orders were legitimate. In 1860 the reigning Head of State, H.M. King Francesco II, approved this decision by Royal Decree and ordered its execution throughout the Kingdom. The King also recognised Don Mario as hereditary Grand Master of the Order and made various provisions to ensure the succession to the Grand Magistracy. From 1860 to 1960 the Order remained almost a Family Order, largely restricted in its membership to relatives and close associates. The Order was reconstituted in 1961 with an international organisation, and new Statutes have been issued and revised on a number of occasions.

The position of the Royal House in Italy was recognised in the Rivista Araldica 1913 and 1922 and in the Libro d’Oro 1922 as being a foreign sovereign family residing in Italy. Three Italian Courts have tried and decided that the Royal House and the Military Order of the Collar are legitimate. The United Court in Bari had already on 13th December 1952 declared that this Royal House was legitimate including “the exercise of the Grand Magistry of the Orders of Chivalry conferred by their family”. The Court of Appeal in Pistoia on 5th June 1964 specifically tried the question if this Order violates the Italian law nr 178 from 1951, and found that it does not. Again, the Ordinary Tribunal of Ragusa found on 28th January 2003 that the Head of this Royal House has “the quality of a subject of international law and of Grand Master of non-National Orders within the terms of the Law of the 3rd March 1951, no 178″.

One of Europe’s leading experts on public law, Professor Jacob Sundberg, has declared that the Head of the Royal House has rank equivalent to a Head of State. Among the members of the Order today are found Heads of State, Ambassadors, Bishops, Politicians etc.

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Today’s consumers are more Internet-savvy than ever, and it is now commonplace for people to do online research before they make a purchase. This is exactly why search engine reputation management has become increasingly important for business owners. Shoppers go online to look for good deals and determine which products and services are highest in quality, whether they want to make a purchase online or in a physical location. And all it takes is one disgruntled blogger to tarnish your online reputation.

Studies show that people from every walk of life, gender, race and generation use the Internet to find out about companies and individuals before spending money or forming business relationships. It’s even common to research someone online before dating or starting any personal relationship with them. Online reputation management combines a series of techniques and processes that help ensure a positive message when people search for your name or brand online.

It’s very common for one online complaint in a site like RipoffReport.com to top the search engine results for a company, organization, business owner or prominent individual. Whether this is from an unhappy customer, disgruntled former employee or even a treacherous competitor doesn’t matter – the result is the same. It will be one of the first things people see when they search for more information about you. Search engine reputation management firms may not be able to remove these posts in most cases, but they can certainly do everything in their power to fill the search engine results with positive content. This will push the negative content down; ideally so far down that no one will find it.

Online reputation management tracking tools are an important service for any business, organization or prominent individual to consider. Everyone is online these days, and your reputation across the Web can often be more important than your status in the “real world.” Managing this reputation can help to ensure successful branding and profitability in the online space.

Whether you need to relocate for work or are looking for a new real estate property that fits your lifestyle, you want to make sure that you are able to get something that is comfortable and feels like home. However, the current economy and the problems associated with real estate may make the options for buying a home impossible. Understanding the trends, and knowing your options to relocate without having to fall with the current recession, is the beginning to the perfect approach within the real estate market.

When you begin to look into real estate, you want to make sure that you know what the trends are for buying as well as how this may affect your current lifestyle and needs. For instance, if you are considering the option of buying a home in Sheffield, you want to know what the current mortgage rates are and whether this fits into your budget. You also want to associate this with the options available in the current economy, which may cause fluctuations in interest rates and prices. You will find that, with the current state of the real estate market, are risks and problems associated with this aspect of the market.

The second consideration with buying real estate in the current market is associated with home value. Because there are not as many individuals buying or selling with the economy, it is causing the real estate value of properties to go down. Unless the recession stops, it is expected that the prices will continue to be devalued and to alter in their pricing based on the changes in the economy. This makes an investment in a home one that should be reconsidered before buying or selling.

If you need to get into a home, but don’t want to be a part of the risk with the downfalls currently in the market, then houses rent Sheffield may be a better option. This offers you the ability to transfer your residence and location, live in the home you want and to not have the attachments to mortgages, the banking industry and the real estate fluctuations. With this, you have a flat fee for the home you are in, don’t have to worry about devaluing of your home and can stay in the residency as long as you want. This gives you flexibility and better options for your living needs.

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